When Fatima Payman crossed the Senate floor to vote against her government she knew it would come with consequences.
The Australian Labor party has strict penalties for those who undermine its collective positions, and acts of defiance can lead to expulsion - a precedent with a 130-year history.
The last time one of its politicians tested the waters while in power was before Ms Payman was born.
But last Tuesday, the 29-year-old did just that - joining the Green party and independent senators to support a motion on Palestinian statehood.
They are not forced to vote along party lines. However, they don’t get to stay in the party unless they vote with it. They become Independent.
Some issues, usually moral issues, are “conscience” votes and there is no party line for those.
But what counts as a conscience vote is up to the parties once again. Palestinian genocide? Clearly not a moral issue