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Cake day: August 15th, 2024

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  • There are a number of jobs that count various community contributions in your review. This is a very large topic - write a paper in a major journal, give a speech at a conference, submit high profile bug reports - you can get a large raise for it. (the worry of course is that you get a reputation and thus someone gives you a great offer so if they want to keep you they better pay enough that you won’t leave). Exactly what gets you those promotions/raises isn’t clear in part because they need flexibility for someone who honestly discovers a new way to get that reputation and thus they have to give them a promotion. People who don’t deserve the promotion see the policy in place and look for ways to cheat themselves to a promotion they don’t deserve.





  • Do you have detailed numbers or just a feeling?

    UHC covers far more people than most national systems despite not being national (I’m sure china is bigger, but most countries have much smaller populations). National systems often have ways of saying “that isn’t covered” that mean the claim isn’t even attempted. there are many different national systems with different rules. There are lots of other complications here that need to be studied in depth.








  • People mostly didn’t ride horses, they had the horse pull wagons but they rode behind. You rode a horse where speed was needed, but that meant you have a series of places to trade out your now-tired horse.

    Even horse above is wrong - you probably had oxen to pull the wagons not a horse. Oxen ate a lot less and where a lot easier to work with in general so they would have been preferred. Mules, donkeys, or even goats may have been used as well. There are pros and cons to all choices, but in general the horse was the most expensive and used only where it matters.

    The horse was used in the American west above the others though. The prairie soil needed a plow that was pulled faster than the others, and so a horse was needed to break the ground. Cowboys road a horse because in the case of a stampede a horse was tall enough not get you killed (assuming you stayed on it), and fast enough to divert the herd. The above is specific to the situation in the American west and doesn’t apply elsewhere. (note the that cowboy stampede situation is similar enough to knights in battle that both would use a horse despite the disadvantages)

    The reason we mostly think of the horse is once the plow caught on in the America west it was enough better that much of the rest of the world started adopting it. This needed the industrial revolution to be under way though, and of course the tractor and automobile were not far behind. Before the industrial revolution were thousands of years where the horse was a rich person’s toy, most didn’t have them and if they had animal labor in reach they would want something else over the horse.